In the 1970s and early 1980s, Colin Brewer was a Birmingham University Research Fellow attached to the British Pregnancy Advisory Service and also its psychiatric advisor. He published several papers about various aspects of abortion in peer-reviewed journals, including the British Medical Journal and also wrote articles about abortion for the better class of newspapers and weeklies. In retirement, he maintains an interest in abortion politics.

If anyone wants to set up a Museum of Irony and Paradox, the main exhibit ought to focus on abortion because it attracts so much of the stuff. There’s the capital punishment paradox – the fact that among ‘pro-life’ anti-abortionists, with their often traditional set of moralities, are quite a few hangers and floggers. There’s the historical irony that we get lectures on the sanctity of life from the spiritual heirs of Torquemada, Calvin and Bloody Mary, to mention only the Christian kind. There’s the fact that a large proportion of human pregnancies end in very early spontaneous abortion (the term ‘miscarriage’ usually describes spontaneous abortion later in pregnancy) which suggests that the putative deities of the fundamentalists can’t be very worried about maximising foetal survival. (Since many of these early abortions seem to involve abnormalities that would lead to severe birth defects if the pregnancy went to term, it also suggests that the deities could be described as Foetal Darwinists.) Then there’s the peculiarly American irony that the Southern fundamentalists, who have only recently got over their enthusiasm for church-sanctioned slavery and segregation, are among those most concerned to limit the availability of publicly-funded abortion services. This would have the biggest impact on the disproportionately black poor, who will thus be disproportionately forced into early and typically single motherhood with all the well-documented problems it generates for them and their children. Middle-class women will, as usual, navigate the obstacles more easily, even if they have to go interstate or abroad. Delaying motherhood will increase their education and employment prospects, further increasing their life-chances compared with their poorer counterparts.

For me, though, the most delicious irony has always been the way in which anti-abortionists reveal their fundamental dishonesty and hypocrisy over the little matter of the millions of very tiny ‘unborn babies’ (aka. ‘potential Beethovens’) who are, to use their terms, ‘murdered’ every year by the action of contraceptives, especially but not exclusively the intrauterine device (IUD) or ‘coil’. The deliciousness of the irony is increased because some of the dishonesty (though none of the hypocrisy) comes from the pro-choice lobby as well.

Ever since IUDs were introduced around the time British abortion law was reformed in 1967, it was obvious that they worked in a number of ways, including the destruction of tiny Beethovens (and of course, tiny Hitlers or Stalins) during the first few days after fertilisation and before or after the implantation of the blastocyst – the embryo’s initial and tiniest manifestation.[1] They are therefore at least part-time abortifacients (ie drugs or devices that cause abortion) and they remain abortifacients even if most of the time, they prevent pregnancies by killing or inhibiting sperm and/or ova before they can unite. The fact that the tiny Beethovens who are aborted at this stage are barely visible to the naked eye does not prevent the Vatican from asserting that they are large enough to accommodate a soul, though this evidence-free assertion dates, along with papal infallibility, only from 1870. Previously, Rome – in common with Islam – held, equally without evidence, that ‘ensoulment’ took place later, at 40 days for a male foetus and 80 days for a female (and presumably at 60 days for the occasional true hermaphrodite). Until the 1830s in Britain, inducing an abortion was not an offence under common law unless it took place after ‘quickening’ – ie around 18-20 weeks’ gestation.[2] Even after seven weeks of development and perhaps two missed periods, our little Beethoven is barely ¾ inch/18mm long. (In trendy, 21st-century Oklahoma, they naturally have a more modern version of the Beethoven argument. It was proposed, and very nearly enacted, that women seeking abortion, even after rape, had to watch and listen while a doctor did an ultrasound examination of the foetus and described its cute little fingers. According to The Guardian, ‘The sponsor of that law, the Republican state senator Todd Lamb, said it was intended to give the mother “as much information as possible about that baby” because it might grow up to win the Nobel prize.’)

Today, there are two types of IUD. The simpler kind is a T-shaped bit of plastic, wrapped around with copper wire. The combination of mechanical and inflammatory action from a foreign body barging around in the uterus and the local toxic effect of copper makes things difficult for sperm and fertilised or unfertilised ova. In the other sort, sometimes called an intrauterine system, the device is impregnated with hormones that may reduce (but are not guaranteed to prevent) ovulation, or implantation. However, for both types, the product information sheets concede (though usually not very prominently) that causing early abortion is among the modes of action and that people with strong views on these matters may prefer to use other methods. As a fairly recent review in a leading obstetric journal concluded, ‘although prefertilization effects are more prominent for the copper IUD, both prefertilization and postfertilization mechanisms of action contribute significantly to the effectiveness of all types of intrauterine devices.’[3] They also apply to some types of oral contraceptive but I will leave those out of the argument.

Let’s look at what ‘postfertilization mechanisms of action’ means, using the language of ‘murdered babies’. There are currently over 150 million IUD-users world-wide. Apart from the 100 million of them who live in China and are thus mostly beyond the reach of anti-abortionists inspired by Abrahamic religions (the only ones that seem to bother about it much) that means 50 million women, each of whom might be murdering at least one soul-equipped baby every year, even if they only release three or four ova in that time. That could mean 50 million induced abortions a year, which is far more than the total combined annual live births of Europe and the USA, let alone the much smaller total of notified legal abortions. Even if the true figure for IUDs is only a tenth of that, 5 million is still an awful lot of minced-up micro-Beethovens, though far fewer than are lost in the daily Malthusian wastage and Darwinian weeding-out of defective embryos.[4]

The essence of anti-abortionism is that destroying a tiny embryo is morally the same as destroying a full-grown baby. Anti-abortionists have to maintain that, or their case collapses. They also have to maintain (and most of them do) that ‘humanity’ begins at fertilisation. That is why the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (SPUC) campaigned vigorously but ineffectively a few years ago in Britain against increasing the availability of post-coital ‘morning after’ contraception; which works – whichever method is used – by ensuring, finally, that if a fertilised ovum results from the coitus in question, it is aborted, either by the prescribed medication or, less often, by inserting an IUD. One or two anti-abortionists did try to argue that ‘humanity’ began at implantation rather than at fertilisation, so that IUD’s were acceptable as contraceptives but they encountered two unanswerable objections. The first was that if they could move the goalposts to suit their morality, so could the pro-choice tendency. The second was that in any case, IUDs could clearly work not only after fertilisation but also after implantation. After all, IUDs very occasionally fail to prevent pregnancy from getting established and even going to full term. If such a pregnancy occurs, there is an increased chance that the embryo will be implanted and grow in the Fallopian tube beyond the mechanical reach of an IUD, presumably because an embryo that did manage to get implanted in the uterus would be more at risk of being dislodged or lethally damaged by the device. Accordingly, I used to have some innocent fun by writing to prominent British antiabortionists along the following lines.

You apparently regard the fertilisation of the ovum as the starting point of humanity. I do not share this view but it is not an entirely dishonourable one. However, you may not realise that IUDs work not only by preventing fertilisation but also by destroying the fertilised embryo during the first week or two of its existence, both before and after implantation. Most of the hundreds of thousands of British IUD-users are sexually active, so they could each be having an early abortion several times every year. This makes for an awful lot of murders of potential Beethovens (as you regularly portray them) and probably amounts to far more ‘murders’ than all the abortions formally notified under the provisions of the Abortion Act of 1967. If you really are as outraged by abortion as you claim, you will, of course, want to make it very clear that you are just as outraged by those who manufacture, fit and wear IUDs as you are by those involved in murder/abortion at later stages of pregnancy. I therefore invite you to make an immediate public statement to that effect. Alternatively, if you feel unable to make such a statement, I invite you to explain why you regard the destruction of a mini-Beethoven at one or two weeks as so much less worthy of your indignation than the destruction of the same mini-Beethoven two or three months later.

Among the people I wrote to were the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster (the late Cardinal Basil Hume) and several MPs, including the flamboyant and normally very articulate Leo Abse. (Liberal on most issues, he was one of the chief parliamentary defenders of the 1861 Offences Against the Person Act which outlawed abortion.) I still have a collection of wonderfully evasive letters from these worthies. Mr Abse was struck uncharacteristically dumb and declined to continue the correspondence. Cardinal Hume eventually conceded that if what I said about the mode of action of the IUD was true, then the point I had made was an important one. He reminded me of his church’s traditional opposition to all forms of contraception but he never subsequently referred in public to the issue. Pope John Paul II (to whom I didn’t write) mentioned IUDs briefly and in passing as part of a general attack on abortion in the early 1980s but rarely referred to the matter thereafter. He never, as far as I know, singled out IUDs, despite their numerical importance in any calculation of murdered Beethovens.

To publicise the issue, I even devised a little stunt. Together with another medical journalist and a legal expert, I watched the late Peter Huntingford, a professor of obstetrics, insert an IUD into the uterus of a prominent women’s magazine editor. We all then signed a letter testifying that we had witnessed this illegal procedure, namely using an instrument, (specifically an IUD) to procure a miscarriage, contrary to the 1861 Act, and without the two medical opinions, medical reasons and other bureaucratic requirements of the 1967 legislation. We then jointly posted this explosive document through the Director of Public Prosecutions’ letter box. Our bit of street theatre got into the papers but produced absolutely no response. After several months and several reminders, a weary letter from the DPP informed us that he would not take any action against Professor Huntingford despite our request that he should do so. Significantly, he did not argue that no law had been broken.

Short of inviting Cardinal Hume to be one of the witnesses, I couldn’t have done more to alert anti-abortionists to the medical facts about IUDs but they have remained very reluctant to mention the matter. The reason is obvious. They know that most people – probably including most Catholics – know the difference between an acorn and an oak tree and know that destroying an acorn, or even a small oak sapling, is not the same as cutting down a tree. They know that opposition to contraception is a political dead duck, even in Catholic countries. Finally, they know that most people cannot get very worked up about the moral status of something that is almost invisible to the naked eye but they dare not say that murdering unborn babies doesn’t matter provided that they are only little ones, because that is exactly the position of the pro-choice lobby. We differ only in our definitions of ‘little’ and all such definitions are largely arbitrary.

Instead, antiabortionists concentrate on abortions that take place after the foetus has begun to resemble a very tiny (about 1 inch/2.5cm long) humanoid about ten weeks after fertilisation, which is around the time when most induced abortions are performed. Films such as ‘The Silent Scream’ argue that abortion is wrong not only because it is murder but also because it is cruel, because it involves dismembering living mini-Beethovens. This is often backed up by heart-warming reports that long before delivery, the foetus can respond to music as well as to pain. The problem with this highly emotive argument is that pain that isn’t remembered isn’t really pain in the usual senses of the word. If that weren’t the case, we would presumably insist on delivering all babies under general anaesthesia or by Caesarian section because being squeezed through the birth canal for several hours would be extremely painful. After all, it is such a tight fit that the bones of the foetal skull are often forced to overlap to make the head small enough to pass. We would also surely insist that the neonatal circumcision practised by Jews and Moslems should be done under anaesthesia as well. Babies certainly scream during this procedure (I performed it without anaesthesia several times on new-born Australians when it was still fashionable) but they never remember it as adults, any more than they remember being born. Surgical patients under light anaesthesia also react visibly when the knife goes in or when their fractures are manipulated but unless the anaesthetic is far too light, they don’t remember it either. So, ‘Silent Scream’ is misleading.

One might expect that pro-choice exponents and the Family Planning movement would welcome the IUD argument but in practice, they too tend to keep quiet. Their reasons are very similar to those of the antis but their motivation is very different. Many anti-abortionists are old-fashioned sexual moralists whose ideological ancestors fought similar battles against contraception a few generations ago. As well as being often genuinely exercised about the deaths of tiny babies with not-so-tiny souls, their ranks include many tedious male supremacists who fear giving women control over their own fertility and sexuality. Obviously, the family-panning and pro-choice exponents are about as far away from that position as it is possible to be but they fear that by mentioning the abortifacient effects of IUDs, they may deter some women from using a particularly efficient contraceptive method that is also very cost-effective. This is not hypocritical but it is dishonest. They also feared (until President Obama reversed American policy very recently) the displeasure of the US government, which banned all financial aid to family-panning programmes that involved, promoted or even discussed abortion. (A US government-funded internet contraception library recently prevented users from searching for articles containing the word ‘abortion’ until protests caused it to relent.) Consequently, one of the strongest and most embarrassing arguments to use against anti-abortionists – that they are a bunch of hypocrites – is rarely deployed. I discussed my conclusions a few years ago with a leading international figure in the world of population control and family planning. ‘You’re quite right, of course’ he said, ‘but you absolutely must not quote me.’

Surely it is now safe for the IUD to come out of the closet? The inconvenient truth has been published in learned journals for over 30 years and even the US government cannot pretend that it neither knew nor cared about it. I think it would not now dare to withdraw funding from IUD programmes, especially in countries where its advantages make it a preferred method of contraception. Surely not even George W. Bush (father of a mere two children) believed that the lot of poor women and their families would be improved by being forced to bear more children than they can support in countries where the process of childbirth is often still lethally dangerous? Properly presented, I think the IUD argument can breach the moral defences of the antiabortionists (and the anti-stem-cell and anti-embryo research lobbies) more effectively than any other. Their leaders knew that millions of IUD-induced early abortions were taking place every year but they mostly preferred not to acknowledge them and said virtually nothing. Where does that leave their moral credibility and authority?

REFERENCES

1. Smart YC, Fraser IS, Clancy RL, Roberts TK, Cripps AW. Early pregnancy factor as a monitor for fertilization in women wearing intrauterine devices. Fertil Steril. 1982 Feb;37(2):201-4.

2. Brahams D. Medicine and the law. The postcoital pill and intrauterine device: contraceptive or abortifacient? Lancet, 1983 May 7;1(8332):1039.

3. Stanford JB, Mikolajczyk RT. Mechanisms of action of intrauterine devices: update and estimation of postfertilization effects Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2002 Dec;187(6):1699-708.

4. Rolfe BE. Detection of fetal wastage. Fertil Steril. 1982 May;37(5):655-60.